Metrics

The readings our theses are held to. Public series are reproduced from their sources; our own constructions and model outputs are marked. Where a piece named a threshold, it is drawn on the chart, and the status says which side of it the latest reading sits. Regulatory gates are kept separately in the permissions tracker.

14tracked
12with a threshold or benchmark
6beyond it
2awaiting first observation
Piece
Type
Status
PublicFrom Growth or GrindAbove the FY1991 peak

Net interest as a share of federal receipts

19.5%FY2026Annual, fiscal year
0%5%10%15%197019801990200020102020Share (%)FY1991 peak, 18.4%
FY1991 peak, 18.4%

FY2026 is $1,051.754bn of net interest over $5,403.327bn of receipts. It describes a budget burden, not a central bank running out of permission to act.

CBO historical budget data (1962–2025); Treasury final FY2026 Monthly Treasury Statement. Units: Share (%).
PublicFrom Growth or GrindCrossed 100% of GDP

Debt held by the public, share of GDP

100.0%FY2026Annual; projection updated at each CBO baseline
90%100%110%120%202620282030203220342036Share of GDP (%)100% of GDP
CBO projectionObserved
100% of GDP

The projection is CBO's native path, not ours. The piece's own scenarios through 2032 are scored against it, not instead of it.

CBO February 2026 baseline projection; Treasury for the FY2026 crossing. Units: Share of GDP (%).
PublicFrom Growth or GrindAbove the historical mean

Weighted average maturity of marketable debt

69.1 monthsNov 2, 2026Quarterly
50607080Jan 2025Jan 2026Jan 2027Months1980–present mean, 61.4 months
1980–present mean, 61.4 months

An average is not a refinancing calendar. Evidence against building urgency from a compressed maturity profile, not evidence that financing risk disappears. Series begins with this reading; the source's native history is not reproduced.

Treasury, Q4 2026 TBAC presentation. Units: Months.
PublicFrom When the Price Becomes the Argument98.9th percentile

Shiller CAPE

40.7Oct 2026Monthly
010203040190019251950197520002025CAPE ratio90th percentile of valid months, 28.3Median, 16.6
90th percentile of valid months, 28.3Median, 16.6

High on its valid sample. Neither dates a crash nor proves passive causation. Percentile lines are computed by us from the same 1,750 valid months.

Robert Shiller, online data; price at the October 2 close, CPI estimated. Units: CAPE ratio.
ConstructedFrom When the Price Becomes the ArgumentBetween the two reference points

Excess CAPE yield

0.56%Oct 2026Monthly
-5%0%5%10%15%20%190019251950197520002025Yield (%)Dec 2020, 3.8%Dec 1999, −1.1%
Dec 2020, 3.8%Dec 1999, −1.1%

A proxy for the rate cushion, not a DCF verdict. It does not rule out explanations based on expected growth or how real yields are measured.

Shiller CAPE earnings yield less the real 10-year yield; same Shiller version and estimated CPI. Units: Yield (%).
ConstructedFrom When the Price Becomes the ArgumentWidest leadership in the sample, 5.1pp in May 2026

Largest-decile value-weight minus equal-weight return gap

4.1ppSep 2026Monthly, five-year annualized
-4pp-2pp0pp2pp4pp19401960198020002020Percentage points / yearParity
Parity

A proxy, not S&P 500 equal weight. Relative performance does not establish passive causation.

CRSP largest NYSE-breakpoint size decile, NYSE/AMEX/NASDAQ universe, 202609 vintage; our rolling window. Units: Percentage points / year.
PublicFrom When the Price Becomes the ArgumentNo threshold set

Index funds' share of US market capitalization

19%2025Annual, year-end
0%5%10%15%201420162018202020222024Share (%)
Index domestic-equity fundsActive domestic-equity funds

Ownership does not measure trading or price setting. Integer-rounded as published.

Investment Company Institute, Fact Book 2026. Units: Share (%).
ConstructedFrom When the Price Becomes the ArgumentOff the December 2025 high of 40.8%

Top-10 issuer concentration in a total-market tracker

38.0%Jun 2026Quarterly
0%10%20%30%40%2020202120222023202420252026Equity value (%)1965 provider construction, 38.2% (different basis)
Top-10 issuersTop-20 issuers
1965 provider construction, 38.2% (different basis)

The tracker is a proxy for the index. The 1965 point is a separate construction and is drawn as a reference, not spliced.

Fund N-PORT holdings; issuer shares computed by us. Units: Equity value (%).
PublicFrom What a free rocket wouldn't fixBetween thresholds; matched quote not yet observable

Firm power, delivered, $/MWh

$96.40Aug 2026Monthly context; site contracts reviewed quarterly
50100150Jan 2026Jan 2027$/MWh≥ $150 favours orbit≤ $87 favours ground
≥ $150 favours orbit≤ $87 favours ground

Thresholds from metric M01. The joint recipe affords about $206/kg of launch at $150 power; $87 or less removes the modeled scarcity premium.

EIA Electric Power Monthly, Table 5.03, US industrial average; a matched AI-site firm quote is not yet observable. Units: $/MWh.
PublicFrom What a free rocket wouldn't fix16–26× above the ceiling

Delivered launch price against the break-even ceiling

$3,3642026 postedChecked as missions fly
01,0002,0003,0004,000Jan 2026Jan 2027$/kgJoint-recipe ceiling $128–206
Joint-recipe ceiling $128–206

Metric M10. The posted reference is a maximum-payload sheet price, not a reusable Starship invoice for a compute mission. The 2018-dollar launch history lives in the piece, on its own basis.

SpaceX posted pricing sheet, $74m over 22,000 kg, checked Nov 5, 2026. Units: $/kg.
PublicFrom What a free rocket wouldn't fixComplete cadence not yet observable

Completed launch cadence per year

25 authorizedOct 2026, TexasChecked as missions fly; 2030 checkpoint
05001,000Jan 2026Jan 2027Jan 2028Jan 2029Jan 2030Jan 2031Flights per year≥ 1,000 at the 2030 checkpoint favours orbit< 300 weakens the large-ramp branch
≥ 1,000 at the 2030 checkpoint favours orbit< 300 weakens the large-ramp branch

Metric M11. Proposed 100/456-launch phases are under review, not authorizations. Adding envelopes across sites doesn't create licensed flights.

FAA Starbase notice, Oct 14, 2026 (authorizations, not completions). Units: Flights per year.
ProprietaryFrom What a free rocket wouldn't fixAwaiting first observation

Non-IT flight hardware, $ per generated kW

$5,000model inputReviewed quarterly against any flight-qualified BOM
02,0004,0006,000Jan 2026Jan 2027$/kW≤ $1,000 with IT parity: P* ≈ $174≥ $4,568: P* ≤ 0 even with IT parity
≤ $1,000 with IT parity: P* ≈ $174≥ $4,568: P* ≤ 0 even with IT parity

Metric M04. The assumed $5,000 and its proposed cut to $1,000 are the load-bearing hardware assumption; an 80% decline needs about 148× cumulative production at 20% learning.

Model input; no measured bill of materials exists. Units: $/kW.
ProprietaryFrom What a free rocket wouldn't fixSeries begins; negative at the base

Break-even launch ceiling, P*

−$275base, Nov 2026Recomputed each review
-400-2000200Jan 2026Jan 2027$/kgP* = 0: a free launch
Base accountingJoint recipe at $87 powerJoint recipe at $150 power
P* = 0: a free launch

The most orbit could pay for launch and still match the ground. A negative value means the non-launch costs already exceed the ground bill.

Our cost-stack model; recomputed when any input changes. Units: $/kg.
PublicFrom Growth or GrindNo threshold set

Real value added of the US space economy

$116bn2023Annual, revised
$0bn$50bn$100bn201220142016201820202022USD billions, chained 2017
Broad definitionNarrow definition

Producer classification does not tell us who paid. Carried as context for where additional output could come from.

BEA space economy satellite account, Table 1; published March 2025. Units: USD billions, chained 2017.
Public

A published series reproduced as published, with the source and its vintage. Revisions are taken as the source issues them.

Constructed

Built by us from public inputs by arithmetic shown in the piece: a ratio, a rolling window, an issuer share. Inputs are named in the source line.

Proprietary

An output of our own model, or an input to it that no one has yet measured. Hollow markers are model inputs, not observations.

14tracked
12with a threshold or benchmark
6beyond it
2awaiting first observation
Piece
Type
Status
PublicFrom Growth or GrindAbove the FY1991 peak

Net interest as a share of federal receipts

19.5%FY2026Annual, fiscal year
0%5%10%15%197019801990200020102020Share (%)FY1991 peak, 18.4%
FY1991 peak, 18.4%

FY2026 is $1,051.754bn of net interest over $5,403.327bn of receipts. It describes a budget burden, not a central bank running out of permission to act.

CBO historical budget data (1962–2025); Treasury final FY2026 Monthly Treasury Statement. Units: Share (%).
PublicFrom Growth or GrindCrossed 100% of GDP

Debt held by the public, share of GDP

100.0%FY2026Annual; projection updated at each CBO baseline
90%100%110%120%202620282030203220342036Share of GDP (%)100% of GDP
CBO projectionObserved
100% of GDP

The projection is CBO's native path, not ours. The piece's own scenarios through 2032 are scored against it, not instead of it.

CBO February 2026 baseline projection; Treasury for the FY2026 crossing. Units: Share of GDP (%).
PublicFrom Growth or GrindAbove the historical mean

Weighted average maturity of marketable debt

69.1 monthsNov 2, 2026Quarterly
50607080Jan 2025Jan 2026Jan 2027Months1980–present mean, 61.4 months
1980–present mean, 61.4 months

An average is not a refinancing calendar. Evidence against building urgency from a compressed maturity profile, not evidence that financing risk disappears. Series begins with this reading; the source's native history is not reproduced.

Treasury, Q4 2026 TBAC presentation. Units: Months.
PublicFrom When the Price Becomes the Argument98.9th percentile

Shiller CAPE

40.7Oct 2026Monthly
010203040190019251950197520002025CAPE ratio90th percentile of valid months, 28.3Median, 16.6
90th percentile of valid months, 28.3Median, 16.6

High on its valid sample. Neither dates a crash nor proves passive causation. Percentile lines are computed by us from the same 1,750 valid months.

Robert Shiller, online data; price at the October 2 close, CPI estimated. Units: CAPE ratio.
ConstructedFrom When the Price Becomes the ArgumentBetween the two reference points

Excess CAPE yield

0.56%Oct 2026Monthly
-5%0%5%10%15%20%190019251950197520002025Yield (%)Dec 2020, 3.8%Dec 1999, −1.1%
Dec 2020, 3.8%Dec 1999, −1.1%

A proxy for the rate cushion, not a DCF verdict. It does not rule out explanations based on expected growth or how real yields are measured.

Shiller CAPE earnings yield less the real 10-year yield; same Shiller version and estimated CPI. Units: Yield (%).
ConstructedFrom When the Price Becomes the ArgumentWidest leadership in the sample, 5.1pp in May 2026

Largest-decile value-weight minus equal-weight return gap

4.1ppSep 2026Monthly, five-year annualized
-4pp-2pp0pp2pp4pp19401960198020002020Percentage points / yearParity
Parity

A proxy, not S&P 500 equal weight. Relative performance does not establish passive causation.

CRSP largest NYSE-breakpoint size decile, NYSE/AMEX/NASDAQ universe, 202609 vintage; our rolling window. Units: Percentage points / year.
PublicFrom When the Price Becomes the ArgumentNo threshold set

Index funds' share of US market capitalization

19%2025Annual, year-end
0%5%10%15%201420162018202020222024Share (%)
Index domestic-equity fundsActive domestic-equity funds

Ownership does not measure trading or price setting. Integer-rounded as published.

Investment Company Institute, Fact Book 2026. Units: Share (%).
ConstructedFrom When the Price Becomes the ArgumentOff the December 2025 high of 40.8%

Top-10 issuer concentration in a total-market tracker

38.0%Jun 2026Quarterly
0%10%20%30%40%2020202120222023202420252026Equity value (%)1965 provider construction, 38.2% (different basis)
Top-10 issuersTop-20 issuers
1965 provider construction, 38.2% (different basis)

The tracker is a proxy for the index. The 1965 point is a separate construction and is drawn as a reference, not spliced.

Fund N-PORT holdings; issuer shares computed by us. Units: Equity value (%).
PublicFrom What a free rocket wouldn't fixBetween thresholds; matched quote not yet observable

Firm power, delivered, $/MWh

$96.40Aug 2026Monthly context; site contracts reviewed quarterly
50100150Jan 2026Jan 2027$/MWh≥ $150 favours orbit≤ $87 favours ground
≥ $150 favours orbit≤ $87 favours ground

Thresholds from metric M01. The joint recipe affords about $206/kg of launch at $150 power; $87 or less removes the modeled scarcity premium.

EIA Electric Power Monthly, Table 5.03, US industrial average; a matched AI-site firm quote is not yet observable. Units: $/MWh.
PublicFrom What a free rocket wouldn't fix16–26× above the ceiling

Delivered launch price against the break-even ceiling

$3,3642026 postedChecked as missions fly
01,0002,0003,0004,000Jan 2026Jan 2027$/kgJoint-recipe ceiling $128–206
Joint-recipe ceiling $128–206

Metric M10. The posted reference is a maximum-payload sheet price, not a reusable Starship invoice for a compute mission. The 2018-dollar launch history lives in the piece, on its own basis.

SpaceX posted pricing sheet, $74m over 22,000 kg, checked Nov 5, 2026. Units: $/kg.
PublicFrom What a free rocket wouldn't fixComplete cadence not yet observable

Completed launch cadence per year

25 authorizedOct 2026, TexasChecked as missions fly; 2030 checkpoint
05001,000Jan 2026Jan 2027Jan 2028Jan 2029Jan 2030Jan 2031Flights per year≥ 1,000 at the 2030 checkpoint favours orbit< 300 weakens the large-ramp branch
≥ 1,000 at the 2030 checkpoint favours orbit< 300 weakens the large-ramp branch

Metric M11. Proposed 100/456-launch phases are under review, not authorizations. Adding envelopes across sites doesn't create licensed flights.

FAA Starbase notice, Oct 14, 2026 (authorizations, not completions). Units: Flights per year.
ProprietaryFrom What a free rocket wouldn't fixAwaiting first observation

Non-IT flight hardware, $ per generated kW

$5,000model inputReviewed quarterly against any flight-qualified BOM
02,0004,0006,000Jan 2026Jan 2027$/kW≤ $1,000 with IT parity: P* ≈ $174≥ $4,568: P* ≤ 0 even with IT parity
≤ $1,000 with IT parity: P* ≈ $174≥ $4,568: P* ≤ 0 even with IT parity

Metric M04. The assumed $5,000 and its proposed cut to $1,000 are the load-bearing hardware assumption; an 80% decline needs about 148× cumulative production at 20% learning.

Model input; no measured bill of materials exists. Units: $/kW.
ProprietaryFrom What a free rocket wouldn't fixSeries begins; negative at the base

Break-even launch ceiling, P*

−$275base, Nov 2026Recomputed each review
-400-2000200Jan 2026Jan 2027$/kgP* = 0: a free launch
Base accountingJoint recipe at $87 powerJoint recipe at $150 power
P* = 0: a free launch

The most orbit could pay for launch and still match the ground. A negative value means the non-launch costs already exceed the ground bill.

Our cost-stack model; recomputed when any input changes. Units: $/kg.
PublicFrom Growth or GrindNo threshold set

Real value added of the US space economy

$116bn2023Annual, revised
$0bn$50bn$100bn201220142016201820202022USD billions, chained 2017
Broad definitionNarrow definition

Producer classification does not tell us who paid. Carried as context for where additional output could come from.

BEA space economy satellite account, Table 1; published March 2025. Units: USD billions, chained 2017.
Public

A published series reproduced as published, with the source and its vintage. Revisions are taken as the source issues them.

Constructed

Built by us from public inputs by arithmetic shown in the piece: a ratio, a rolling window, an issuer share. Inputs are named in the source line.

Proprietary

An output of our own model, or an input to it that no one has yet measured. Hollow markers are model inputs, not observations.